MISCELLANEA
Brytyjskie naczynie z emaliowanym zoomorficznym wylewem z Łęgu Piekarskiego – nowe ustalenia i hipotezy
Więcej
Ukryj
1
Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
2
Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne
Data nadesłania: 28-08-2019
Data ostatniej rewizji: 28-11-2019
Data akceptacji: 04-12-2019
Data publikacji: 31-12-2019
Wiadomości Archeologiczne 2019;LXX(70):105-127
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
In March 1933, a collection of items (Fig. 3) typical of rich graves from the Early Roman period in Central and Northern Europe was discovered by accident during field works in the area of the village of Łęg Piekarski (presently Turek County, Central Poland) (A. Kietlińska 1961; I. Jakubczyk 2018, 101–102). The objects were assumed to be furnishings of a burial, later designated as “grave I” and considered a Przeworsk culture assemblage from the horizon of Lubieszewo-type graves. The set of grave-goods described is probably not complete – it lacks the elements of dress and adornments that have always been found in rich graves that were not looted in antiquity and have been examined in accordance with scientific standards.
Most bronze vessels from “grave I” from Łęg Piekarski find analogies among Roman imports and represent forms that are not uncommon in the territory of Northern and Central European Barbaricum. On the other hand, the bronze bowl with a perforated wall and enamelled zoomorphic spout (Fig. 1, 2) remains unique. The vessel has been the subject of many publications, and J.V.S. Megaw has demonstrated that it had analogies among Late Celtic material from the British Isles. Although the shape of the vessel and the style and manner of decorating the mounts with a zoomorphic spout (most likely a representation of a boar) have good analogies among British finds (Fig. 10:1.2, 13), the find from Łęg Piekarski is the only example that is so richly decorated, including with red enamel.
A re-analysis, which took into account the increase in reference material, enabled a new interpretation of this unusual find. A thorough examination of the vessel and comparison with similar objects from the British Isles, e.g. from Welwyn Garden City and Felmersham-on-Ouse in Bedfordshire or from Stanway, Essex, showed that the bowl from Łęg Piekarski originally had a spill plate. This is evidenced by the shape of the upper part of the spout, formed as a prolonged crest keeping the spill plate in place, and the lack of ornamentation on the part of the rim next to the spout, i.e. in the place where such lids were attached (Fig. 5:1). It is possible that the bowl in question originally had feet, similar to the examples from Stanway and Felmersham-on-Ouse in Great Britain or Blain, dép. Loire-Atlantique in France, as among the stray finds from Łęg Piekarski, there are two massive, semi-circular, pelta-shaped feet (Fig. 15), whose size and shape match the preserved, original part of the bottom. Unlike the specimens from the British Isles, which usually have (or had) an internal strainer in the form of an inserted, perforated plate, the bowl from Łęg Piekarki has circularly arranged holes in the wall (Fig. 7, 8). Both solutions serve the same purpose and allowed the contents of the vessel to be strained. The very idea of a vessel for straining or pouring liquids and equipped with a spout and strainer appears also outside the British Isles, as evidenced by the complete vessel from Praha-Bubeneč in the Czech Republic (Fig. 16) as well as several spouts preserved separately (Fig. 17), and the few type E.73–74 bowls known from cemeteries in Northern Germany, which, despite serving a similar function, are not directly related to the group of vessels from the British Isles.
The function of the vessels with a spout and strainer or perforated wall is not clearly defined. They could have been elements of wine drinking sets (D.H. Kennett 1970, 88; J.V.S. Megaw 1970, 162; 1971, 299; J. May 1976, 69). They could have also been used to prepare herbal infusions (P. Steiner 1934, 260–261; P.R. Sealey 1999, 122–124; M. Davis 2015, 185).
New information on the subject was provided by the analysis of a spouted vessel from grave CF47 (the so-called doctor’s grave) in Stanway (P. Crummy et al. 2007, 201–253, 437). The contents of the destroyed bowl were preserved inside. Palynological analysis showed mostly the presence of pollen from plants of the Arthemisia L. family and of bee plants. Based on the findings, it can be stated that the vessel was used to prepare medicinal infusions.
We believe that vessels with strainers, such as the finds from Stanway, Welwyn Garden City, and Łęg Piekarski, were originally intended for preparing infusions and were then placed in the graves of people with high social status. Unfortunately, we are not able to indicate how the bowl from Łęg Piekarski found its way to the territory of Poland.
REFERENCJE (73)
1.
Beltz R. 1921: Das Urnenfeld von Körchow, Jahrbücher des Vereins für Mecklenburgische Geschichte und Altertumskunde 85 (1920/21), 1–98.
2.
Beskow-Sjöberg M. 1991: Gårdbysocken, [w:] U. E. Hagberg, B. Stjernquist, M. Rasch (red.), Ölands järnålders gravfält II, Kalmar, 421–474.
3.
Collis J. 1994: The Iron Age, [w:] B. Vyner (red.), Building on the past. Papers celebrating 150 years of the Royal Archaeological Institute, London, 123–148.
4.
Cordie-Hackenberg R., Haffner A. 1991: Das keltisch-römische Gräberfeld von Wederath-Belginum. 4. Teil: Gräber 1261–1817 ausgegraben 1978–1980, Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen VI/4, Mainz.
5.
Crummy N. 2007: The Metal Vessels, [w:] P. Crummy, S. Benfield, N. Crummy, V. Rigby, D. Shimmin, Stanway. An elite burial site at Camulodunum, Britannia Monograph series 24, London, 320–326.
6.
Crummy P., Benfield S., Crummy N., Rigby V., Shimmin D. 2007: Stanway. An elite burial site at Camulodunum, Britannia Monograph series 24, London.
7.
Davis M. 2014: Technology at the Transition. Relationships between culture, style and function in the Late Iron Age determined through the analysis of artefacts, mps dysertacji w School of History Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University [
http://orca.cf.ac.uk/73215/12/...].
8.
Deimel M. 1987: Die Bronzekleinfunde vom Magdalensberg, Klagenfurt.
9.
Demarez L., Leman-Delerive G. 2001: A linch-Pin of British Type Found at Blicquy (Hainault, Belgium), The Antiquaries Journal 81, 391–395.
10.
Dobrowolski W. 2001: (red.) Wokół Quo vadis. Sztuka i kultura Rzymu czasów Nerona, Warszawa.
11.
Durczewski Z. 1936: [Z. D.] Groby książęce i cmentarzyska ciałopalne z okresu rzymskiego w Łęgu Piekarskim, w pow. tureckim, Z otchłani wieków XI/12, 157.
12.
Eggers H.-J. 1951: Der römische Import im freien Germanien, Atlas der Urgeschichte 1, Hamburg.
13.
van Endert D. 1991: Die Bronzefunde aus dem Oppidum von Manching. Kommentierter Katalog, Ausgrabungen in Manching 13, Stuttgart.
14.
Fischer F. 1959: Der spätlatènezeitliche Depot-Fund von Kappel (Kreis Salgau), Urkunden zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte aus Südwürttemberg-Hohenzollern 1, Stuttgart.
15.
Fox A. 1961: An Iron Age Bowl from Rose Ash, North Devon, Antiquaries Journal XLI/3–4, 186–198.
16.
Fox A., Pollard S. 1973: A Decorated Bronze Mirror from an Iron Age Settlement at Holcombe, Near Uplyme, Devon, The Antiquaries Journal LIII/1, 16–41.
17.
Gauer W. 1991: Die Bronzegefäße von Olympia: mit Ausnahme der geometrischen Dreifüße und der Kessel des orientalisierenden Stils, Teil I: Kessel und Becken mit Untersätzen, Teller, Kratere, Hydrien, Eimer, Situlen und Cisten, Schöpfhumpen und verschiedenes Gerät, Olympische Forschungen 20, Berlin-New York.
18.
Guillaumet J.-P., Eugène A. 2009: À propos de trois objets métalliques, témoins des relations entre le pays éduen et les Iles Britanniques, [w:] G. Cooney, K. Becker, J. Coles, M. Ryan, S. Sievers (red.), Relics of Old Decency. Archaeological Studies in later Prehistory. A Festschrift for Barry Raftery, Dublin, 241–248.
19.
Guillaumet J.-P., Schönfelder M. 2003: Un manche de miroir de type britannique provenant de Compiègne; in un nouveau témoignage des contacts à travers la Manche, Antiquités Nationales 33 (2001), 125–128.
20.
Haselgrove C. 2001: Iron Age Britain and its European setting, [w:] J. Collis (red.), Society and Settlement in Iron Age Europe. Actes du XVIIIe Colloque de l’AFEAF, Winchester – April 1994, Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 11, Sheffield, 37–72.
21.
Henig M. 1995: The Art of Roman Britain, London.
22.
Jakubczyk I. 2018: Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum 3: Mittelpolen, Kraków.
23.
Jażdżewski K., Rycel G. 1981: Habent sua fata tumuli!, Z otchłani wieków XLVII/1–2, 30–48.
24.
Jope E.M. 2000a: Early Celtic Art in the British Isles. Illustrations, Oxford.
25.
Jope E.M. 2000b: Early Celtic Art in the British Isles. Text, Oxford.
26.
Joy J. 2015: Connections and separation? Narratives of Iron Age Art in Britain and its relationship with the Continent, [w:] H. Anderson-Wymark, D. Garrow, F. Sturt (red.), Continental Connections. Exploring cross-Channel relationships from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age, Oxford-Philadelphia, 145–165.
27.
Kennett D.H. 1970: The Felmersham Fish-head Spout. A suggested reconstruction, The Antiquaries Journal L/1, 86–88.
28.
Kennett D.H. 1976: Felmersham and Ostia: A Metalwork Comparison, The Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal 11, 19–22.
29.
Kietlińska A. 1961: Problem tzw. grobów książęcych we wczesnym okresie rzymskim, Wiadomości Archeologiczne XXVI/3–4 (1959–1960), 98–115.
30.
Kietlińska A. 1961: Łęg Piekarski, distr. de Turek, tombe „princière” à ihnumation No 1, Inventaria Archaeologica V, Łódź, tabl. 32.
31.
Klindt-Jensen O. 1953: Bronzekedelen fra Brå. Tidlige Keltiske Indflydelser i Danmark, Jutland Archaeological Society Publications III, Aarhus.
32.
Künzl E. 1993: Die Alamannenbeute aus dem Rhein bei Neupotz. Plünderungsgut aus dem römischen Gallien, Teil 1: Untersuchungen, Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz. Monographien 34, Mainz.
33.
Lamer-Zarawska E., Kowal-Gierczak B., Niedworok J. 2007: (red.) Fitoterapia i leki roślinne, Warszawa.
34.
Laubenheimer F. 2015: Boire en Gaule, Paris.
35.
Leman-Delerive G. 1986: Une plaque émaillée celtique découverte à Paillart (Oise), Gallia 44/1, 29-53.
36.
Lloyd Morgan G. 1981: The Mirrors, including a Description of the Roman Mirrors found in the Netherlands, in other Dutch Museums, Description of the Collections in the Rijksmuseum G M Kam at Nijmegen 9, Nijmegen.
37.
Luginbühl T. 2013: Le sommet et versant oriental du Theurot de la Roche, [w:] Programme quadriennal 2013–1016 de recherche sur le mont Beuvray. Rapport intermédiaire 2013. Synthèse, Glux-en-Glenne, 155–192.
38.
Lund Hansen U. 2015: Medicinal herbs – useful and fatal, [w:] L. Larsson et alii (red.), Small Things – Wide Horizon. Studies in Honour of Birgitta Hårdh, Oxford, 218–225.
39.
Majewski K. 1949: Importy rzymskie na ziemiach słowiańskich, Wrocław.
40.
May J. 1971: An Iron Age Spout From Kirmington, Lincolnshire, The Antiquaries Journal LI/2, 253–259.
41.
May J. 1976: Prehistoric Lincolnshire, Lincoln.
42.
Megaw J.V.S. 1962: A Bronze Mount from Mâcon. A Miniature Masterpiece of the Celtic Iron Age Reappraised, Antiquaries Journal XLII/1, 24–29.
43.
Megaw J.V.S. 1963: A British Bronze Bowl of the Belgic Iron Age from Poland, The Antiquaries Journal XLIII/1, 28–37.
44.
Megaw J.V.S. 1970: Art of the European Iron Age. A study of the elusive image, Bath.
45.
Megaw J.V.S. 1971: The Felmersham Fish-Head Spout, The Antiquaries Journal LI/2, 299–300.
46.
Megaw R. i V. 2001: Celtic Art. From its beginnings to the Book of Kells, London2.
47.
Moe D., Oeggl K. 2014: Palynological evidence of mead: a prehistoric drink dating back to the 3rd millennium b.c., Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23/5, 515–526.
48.
Novotný B. 1955: Hrob velmože z počátku doby římské v Praze--Bubenči, Památky archeologické XLVI/2, 227–264.
49.
Penninger E. 1972: Der Dürrnberg bei Hallein I. Katalog der Grabfunde aus der Hallstatt- und Latènezeit, Münchner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 16, München.
50.
Picker A. 2015: Die Villa rustica von Oberndorf a. Lech, Lkr. Donau-Ries, Materialhefte zur Bayerischen Archäologie 102, Kallmünz/Opf.
51.
Rakoczy J. 2017: Zapinki prowincjonalnorzymskie odkryte na stanowisku 30 w Perkowie na Kujawach, Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Archeologia XXXV, 25–40.
52.
Reinert F. 1995: Tierkopfförmige Ausgüsse und Siebbecken am Übergang der Spätlatènezeit zur frühen römischen Kaiserzeit, [w:] W. Czysz et alii (red.), Provinzialrömische Forschungen. Festschrift für Günter Ulbert zum 65 Geburtstag, Espelkamp, 41–50.
53.
Riddle J.M. 1994: Contraception and Abortion from the Antiquity to the Renaissance, Cambridge.
54.
Rosen-Przeworska J. 1964: Tradycje celtyckie w obrzędowości Protosłowian, Wrocław.
55.
Rumińska A., Ożarowski A. 1990: (red.) Leksykon roślin leczniczych, Warszawa.
56.
Schädler U. 2007: The doctor’s game – new light on the history of ancient board games, [w:] P. Crummy, S. Benfield, N. Crummy, V. Rigby, D. Shimmin, Stanway. An elite burial site at Camulodunum, Britannia Monograph series 24, London, 361–375.
57.
Sealey P.R. 1999: Finds from the Cauldron Pit, [w:] N.R. Brown, The Archaeology of Ardleigh, Essex: Excavations 1955–1980, East Anglian Archaeology 90, Chelmsford, 117–124.
58.
Stead I.M. 1967: A La Tène III Burial at Welwyn Garden City, Archaeologia CI, 1–62.
59.
Steiner P. 1934: Messing-Seiher mit Halbdeckel aus rheinischen Werkstätten, [w:] Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Hans Seger, Altschlesien 5, 255–266.
60.
Szkurłat A. 2013: Kolekcjonerstwo ceramiki w Polsce, Kronika Zamkowa 1–2 (65–66), 153–186.
61.
Tuschwitz A. 2014: Das Oppidum von Kelheim, Oppida Celtica 2, Marburg.
62.
Vial E. 2003: Les petits sangliers en bronze: une image forte, [w:] D. Vitali (red.), L’immagine tra mondo celtico e mondo etrusco-italico. Aspetti della cultura figurativa nell’antichità, Studi e Scavi 20, Bologna, 261–269.
63.
Vitali D. 2003: Recherches et sondages au Parc aux Chevaux. L’“enclos” PC 14 (intervention 551), [w:] V. Guichard (red.), Programme triennal 2003–2005 de recherche sur le mont Beuvray, rapport intermédiaire 2003, Glux-en-Glenne, 207–238.
64.
Wamser L. 2000: (red.) Römer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer, Zivilisatorisches Erbe einer europäischen Militärmacht. Katalog-Handbuch zur Landesausstellung des Freistaates Bayern, Rosenheim 2000, Schriftenreihe der Archäologischen Staatssammlung 1, Mainz.
65.
Watson W. 1949: Belgic Bronzes and Pottery found at Felmersham-on-Ouse, Bedfordshire, The Antiquaries Journal XXIX/1–2, 37–61.
66.
Wegewitz W. 1937: Die langobardische Kultur im Gau Moswidi (Niederelbe) zu Beginn unsere Zeitrechnung, Die Urnenfriedhofe in Niedersachsen II/1–2, Hildesheim-Leipzig.
67.
Wegewitz W. 1972: Das langobardische Brandgräberfeld von Putensen, Kreis Harburg, Die Urnenfriedhöfe in Niedersachsen 10, Hildesheim.
68.
West S. 2005: Turners Hall Farm, Current Archaeology 198, 268–275.
69.
West S. 2015: ‘Out of town and on the edge?’: evaluating recent evidence for Romanisation within the Verulamium region, [w:] K. Lockyear (red.), Archaeology in Hertfordshire: Recent Research. A Festschrift for Tony Rook, Hatfield, 197–221.
70.
White L.B., Foster S. 2011: Księga zdrowia. Ziołowa apteka domowa. Środki stanowiące alternatywę dla leków dostępnych w aptekach, Poznań.
71.
Wielowiejski J. 1980: Główny szlak bursztynowy w czasach Cesarstwa Rzymskiego, Wrocław.
72.
Wielowiejski J. 1986: Die spätkeltischen und römischen Bronzegefässe in Polen, Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 66 (1985), 123–320.
73.
Wiltshire P.E.J. 2007: Palynological analysis of the organic material lodged in the spout of the strainer bowl, [w:] P. Crummy, S. Benfield, N. Crummy, V. Rigby, D. Shimmin, Stanway. An elite burial site at Camulodunum, Britannia Monograph series 24, London, 394–398.