PL EN
ODKRYCIA
Nowe znalezisko wczesnomezolitycznej „motyki” kościanej ze wsi Borki, pow. wołomiński
 
Więcej
Ukryj
1
Instytut Archeologii, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
 
 
Data nadesłania: 06-12-2018
 
 
Data ostatniej rewizji: 11-10-2019
 
 
Data akceptacji: 25-10-2019
 
 
Data publikacji: 31-12-2019
 
 
Wiadomości Archeologiczne 2019;LXX(70):173-182
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
The artefact under study was found in 2017 in a gravel pit located in the village of Borki, Radzymin County in Eastern Poland (Fig. 1). The object was unearthed during the industrial extraction of sand from the former bed of the Bug River and, according to the finder, was located at a depth of about 16–18 m. The tool is 21 cm long, with a width of 6 cm and a thickness of approx. 4 cm, both measured at half the length of the specimen. The blade is bevelled on one side, and the object is cream-coloured (Fig. 2). The mattock was made out of a radial bone of a large ruminant, probably aurochs or European bison (Fig. 3). The radiocarbon date of 9180± 50 BP (Poz-97932) obtained for the mattock from Borki makes it one of (if not) the oldest known objects of this kind and allows us to assume that it was made during the Preboreal Period (Fig. 5). The vast majority of objects analogous to the mattock described come from the Boreal period and are associated with Maglemosian communities. However, considering the territorial range of the Ma­glemosian Culture, which covered the area of the South Baltic Lakelands (J. Kabaciński 2016, 263, 264, fig. 22), and the fact that the artefact was discovered in Mazovia, it seems much more probable that it is connected with the Komornica Culture. As a result of traceological analysis, interesting technological and functional traces were observed on the item. As regards the methods employed to form the tool, the wide use of the nicking technique (Fig. 2:B, 6:D.E; É. David 2007, 39), used to shape the blade and flat surfaces of the specimen, draws particular attention. The traces of use-wear registered on the mattock (Fig. 6:L–N) indicate that it was most likely used for chopping/hewing soft wood. The tool from Borki is undoubtedly unique in form and currently has no strict analogies among other early Holocene objects made of aurochs long bones from either Poland or Europe. Radiocarbon dating places the mattock among the few Mesolithic bone artefacts from the Preboreal Period known in Poland. Traceological analyses have shown a number of interesting technological and use-wear traces on its surface, which can provide a good basis for further technological and functional studies of this type of object.
REFERENCJE (47)
1.
Bagniewski Z. 1995: Obozowisko kultury Oldesloe na terenie Pojezierza Dobiegniewskiego, Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne XXXVI (1993), 85–105.
 
2.
Chmielewska M. 1978: Znalezisko mezolityczne z okresu borealnego w Witowie w woj. płockim, Prace i Materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi, seria archeologiczna 25, 73–87.
 
3.
Christidou R. 2008: An application of micro-wear analysis to bone experimentally worked using bronze tools, Journal of Archaeological Science 35/3, 733–751.
 
4.
David É. 2004: Technologie osseuse des derniers chasseurs prehistoriquesen Europe du Nord (Xe-VIIIe millénaires avant J.-C.), http://web.mae.u-aris10.fr/rec... EvaDavid.html, pp.666, 2004. (halshs-00120258).
 
5.
David É. 2007: Technology on bone and antler industries: a relevant methodology for characterizing early post-glacial societies (9th–8th millenium BC), [w:] C. Gates St-Pierre, R.B. Walker (red.), Bones as Tools: Current Methods and Interpretations in Worked Bone Studies, B.A.R. Int. Series 1622, Oxford, 35–50.
 
6.
D’Errico F., Giacobini G., Puech P.-F. 1984: Les répliques en vernis des surfaces osseuse sfaçonnées: études expérimentales, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 81/6, 169–170.
 
7.
Diakowski M. 2011: Bone and antler artefacts from Pobiel 10, Lower Silesia, Poland. Are they really Mesolithic?, [w:] J. Baron, B. Kufel-Diakowska (red.), Written in Bones. Studies on technological and social contexts of past faunal skeletal remains, Wrocław, 93–116.
 
8.
Domańska L. 1973: Motyka kościana z Trudnej, pow. Złotów, Koszalińskie Zeszyty Muzealne 3, 5–9.
 
9.
Galiński T. 2002: Społeczeństwa mezolityczne. Osadnictwo, gospodarka, kultura ludów łowieckich w VIII–IV tys. p.n.e. na terenie Europy, Szczecin.
 
10.
Gautier A., Kobusiewicz M. 1992: Chwalim 1, a Mesolithic–Paraneolithic site in Polish Lowlands: faunal remains, Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses XXXVII, 65–75.
 
11.
van Gijn A. 1989: The wear and tear of flint: principles of functional analysis applied to Dutch Neolithic assemblages, Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 22, Leiden.
 
12.
van Gijn A. 2005: A functional analysis of some Late Mesolithic bone and antler implements from the Dutch coastal zone, [w:] H. Luik et alii (red.), From Hooves to Horns, from Mollusc to Mammoth. Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group, Tallinn 26–31 August 2003, Tallinn, 47–66.
 
13.
Goslar T., Kabaciński J., Makowiecki D., Prinke D., Winiarska-Kabacińska M. 2006: Datowanie radiowęglowe zabytków z Kolekcji Epoki Kamienia Muzeum Archeologicznego w Poznaniu, Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses 42, 5–14.
 
14.
Gramsch B. 1973: Das Mesolithikum im Flachland zwischen Elbe und Oder. Teil I, Veröffentlichungen des Museums für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Potsdam 7, Berlin.
 
15.
Gramsch B. 2012: Mesolithische Knochenartefakte von Friesack, Fundplatz 4, Lkr. Havelland, Veröffentlichungen zur brandenburgischen Landesarchäologie 45, 7–59.
 
16.
Griffitts J. 1997: Replication and analysis of bone tools, [w:] L. Hannus, L. Rossum, R. Winham (red.), Proceedings of the 1993 Bone Modification Conference Hot Springs, South Dakota, Sioux Falls, 236–246.
 
17.
Griffitts J., Bonsall C. 2001: Experimental determination of the function of antler and bone ‘bevel-ended tools’ from prehistoric shell middens in western Scotland, [w:] A. Choyke, L. Bartosiewicz (red.), Crafting Bone: skeletal technologies through time and space: proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the (ICAZ) Worked Bone Research Group, Budapest, 31 August – 5 September 1999, B.A.R. Int. Series 937, Oxford, 207–219.
 
18.
Grygiel R., Bogucki P. 1997: Early Farmers in North-Central Europe: 1989–1994 Excavations at Osłonki, Poland, Journal of Field Archaeology 24/2, 161–178.
 
19.
Gumiński W. 1995: Environment, economy and habitation during the Mesolithic at Dudka, Great Masurian Lakeland, NE-Poland, Przegląd Archeologiczny 43, 5–46.
 
20.
Gumiński W. 2012: Nowe wyjątkowe siedlisko osadnicze paraneolitycznej kultury Zedmar na wschodnim cyplu wyspy Szczepanki (sektor „A”) na Mazurach, Światowit IX (L), fasc. B (2011), 87–144.
 
21.
Ho Ho Committee 1979: The Ho Ho classification and nomenclature Committee Report, [w:] B. Hayden (red.), Lithic use-wear analysis, New York, 133–135.
 
22.
Juel Jensen H. 1994: Flint tools and plant working. Hidden traces of Stone Age technology. A use wear study of some Danish Mesolithic and TRB implements, Aarhus.
 
23.
Kabaciński J. 2016: After The Ice, [w:] J. Kabaciński (red.), The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the early Middle Ages 1: 500,000–5,500 BC, Warszawa, 249–270.
 
24.
Kabaciński J., David E., Schild R., Sobkowiak-Tabaka I., Winiarska-Kabacińska M. 2008: Stanowisko mezolityczne z okresu borealnego w Krzyżu Wielkopolskim, Archeologia Polski LIII/2, 243–288.
 
25.
Kabaciński J., Sobkowiak-Tabaka I. 2010: Środowiskowe uwarunkowania przemian kulturowych u schyłku późnego glacjału i w początkach holocenu na Niżu Północnoeuropejskim, Przegląd Archeologiczny 58, 5–21.
 
26.
Kabaciński J., Terberger T. 2015: Features and finds of the Stone Age sites Dąbki 9 and 10, [w:] J. Kabaciński et alii (red.), The Dąbki Site in Pomerania and the Neolithisation of the North European Lowlands (c. 5000–3000 cal BC), Archaeology and History of the Baltic 8, Rahden/Westf., 137–156.
 
27.
Kobusiewicz M. 1999: Ludy łowiecko-zbierackie północno-zachodniej Polski, Poznań.
 
28.
Korobkowa G.F. 1999: Narzędzia w pradziejach. Podstawy badania funkcji metodą traseologiczną, Toruń.
 
29.
Kufel B., Diakowski M. 2008: The bone mattock from Mesolithic site Plawienko 31, Pomerania, Poland. Use-wear analysis and experimental method in determining function and manufacture process, [w:] L. Longo, N. Skakun (red.), “Prehistoric Technology” 40 years later. Functional Studies and the Russian Legacy, B.A.R. Int. Series 1783, Oxford, 359–364.
 
30.
LeMoine G. 1991: Experimental Analysis of the Manufacture and Use of Bone and Antler Tools among the Mackenzie Inuit, mps dysertacji w University of Calgary.
 
31.
Louwe Kooijmans L.P. 1971: Mesolithic Bone and Antler Implements from the North Sea and from the Netherlands, Berichten van de Rijksdienstvoor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 20–21 (1970–1971), 27–73.
 
32.
Marczak M. 1963: Wyniki badań mezolitycznego stanowiska we wsi Stawinoga, pow. Pułtusk, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne XV, 20–31.
 
33.
Marczak M. 1964: Najstarszy mezolit Mazowsza w świetle dotychczasowych odkryć we wsi Stawinoga, pow. Pułtusk, Archeologia Polski IX/1, 39–45.
 
34.
Newcomer M. 1974: Study and replication of bone tools from Ksar Akil (Lebanon), World Archaeology 6/2, 138–153.
 
35.
Orłowska J., Osipowicz G. 2017: Searching for the function of the early Holocene heavy duty bevel-ended tools. Remarks from experimental and use-wear studies, Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes 2, 103–121.
 
36.
Osipowicz G. 2010: Narzędzia krzemienne w epoce kamienia na ziemi chełmińskiej. Studium traseologiczne, Toruń.
 
37.
Piličiauskas G., Luik H., Piličiauskienė G. 2015: Reconsidered Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic of the Lithuanian Coast: The Smeltė and Palanga Sites, Estonian Journal of Archaeology 19/1, 3–28.
 
38.
Płonka T. 2003: The Portable Art of Mesolithic Europe, Wrocław.
 
39.
Pratsch S. 2006: Mesolithische Geweihgeräte im Jungmorä­nengebiet zwischen Elbe und Neman. Ein Beitrag zur Ökologie und Ökonomie mesolithischer Wildbeuter, Studien zur Archäologie Europas 2, Bonn.
 
40.
Schild R. 1989: The Formation of Homogeneous Occupation Units (“Kshemenitsas”) in Open-Air Sandy Sites and its Significance for the Interpretation of Mesolithic Flint Assemblages, [w:] C. Bonsall (red.), The Mesolithic in Europe, Edinburgh, 89–98.
 
41.
Schild R. 2014: Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, Paleoecology and Radiochronology, [w:] R. Schild (red.), Całowanie. A Final Paleolithic and Early Mesolithic Site on an Island in the Ancient Vistula Channel, Vetera et Nova. Opracowanie źródeł archeologicznych z zasobów IAE PAN nowymi metodami badawczymi 2, Warszawa, 17–57.
 
42.
Solon J., Borzyszkowski J., Bidłasik M., Richling A., Badora K., Balon J., Brzezińska-Wójcik T., Chabudziński Ł., Dobrowolski R., Grzegorczyk I., Jodłowski M., Kistowski M., Kot R., Krąż P., Lechnio J., Macias A., Majchrowska A., Malinowska E., Migoń P., Myga-Piątek U., Nita J., Papińska E., Rodzik J., Terpiłowski S., Ziaja W.2018: Physico-geographical mesoregions of Poland – verification and adjustment of boundaries on the basis of contemporary spatial data, Geographia Polonica 91/2, 143–170.
 
43.
Sulgostowska Z. 1996: The earliest Mesolithic settlement of north-eastern Poland, [w:] L. Larsson (red.), The earliest Mesolithic settlement of Scandinavia and its relationships with neighbouring areas, Acta Archaeologica Lundensia 8/24, Stockholm, 297–305.
 
44.
Vaughan P.C. 1985: Use-Wear Analysis of Flaked Stone Tools, Tucson.
 
45.
Więckowska H. 1969: Zagadnienie zróżnicowań kulturowych w mezolicie Polski, Światowit XXX, 23–115.
 
46.
Więckowska H. 1975: Społeczności łowiecko-rybackie wczesnego holocenu, [w:] Prahistoria ziem polskich I, 339–438.
 
47.
Więckowska H., Marczak M. 1967: Próba podziału kulturowego mezolitu Mazowsza, [w:] W. Chmielewski (red.), Materiały do plejstocenu i holocenu Polski, Wrocław, 9–45.
 
ISSN:0043-5082
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top