After 1945 research on the origins of Polish statehood became one of the principal concerns of Polish archaeology. Several decades of interdisciplinary research by archaeologists, historians, art historians, ethnographers etc. launched to add splendour to the millennial anniversary of Poland celebrated in 1966 helped to create an expressive vision of the history of the region between the Oder and the Bug Rivers between the 5/6th and the 10th century. Most of the large research syntheses published in 1945–1975 adhered to the concept of an autochthonic origin of Western Slav tribes. Researchers were convinced that that the Lechitic tribes which formed the core of the Early Piast monarchy had local culture traditions reaching back in their roots to the Bronze Age. This view was seriously put to question by the monograph published by K. Godłowski in 1979, which started the allochthonic trend in Polish archaeology study of early Slavonic culture in Poland. According to this theory the territory Poland, as it is today, began to be colonised in AD 5/6th c. by groups of Slavs migrating from Eastern Europe. At present the situation is as follows: origins of early Slav culture (6–7thc.) on territory of Poland are being examined from the allochthonic standpoint while origins of the Polish state (9–10th c.) basically continue to be perceived through the prism of the older, autochthonic theory. Consequently we have a case here of existence of two platforms of scientific reasoning, so diametrically divergent that any attempt to reconcile them at any point seems futile. It seems that in the coming future Polish archaeologists and historians cannot avoid a new discussion regarding the origins, character and scale of social and cultural processes which induced Mieszko I, first historical ruler of Poland, to embrace Christianity when he was baptised in AD 966 (a symbolic date universally accepted as a turning point in the history of the origins of the Polish nation). The growing acceptance of non-native origin of Slavs is challenging researchers to re-examine archaeological sources of long standing. It cannot be excluded that this exercise will show the rise of the Polish nation in a wholly different light.